Speech Animal Testing Essay - 877 Words

Speech: Animal Testing Introduction: Rows of rabbits wait in cages, their heads tightly clamped in stocks to prevent movement. The lower lids of the rabbits’ eyes are pulled back. Technicians drip nail polish remover, mascara, shampoo, and astringent into their eyes, where the chemicals stay for three to 21 days. The chemicals burn and often blind the animals. Rabbits’ sensitive corneas make excellent subjects for this procedure—called the Draize test—because they cannot cry to wash away the toxic chemicals. They have no tear ducts. First I will introduce the amounts of animals that are being used in these tests and those tests that they are being used for. Second I will describe what these tests are used to figure out and†¦show more content†¦However estimates range from 2 to 20 million of those animals are not being killed to save lives, they are being killed in order to provide vain women with cosmetics. The tests that these animals are being used in range in cruelty. The two that are the cruelest and are the mostly widely used are the Draize and the LD50 tests. The Draize test, developed in 1944, involves dropping potentially irritating substances into the eyes of rabbits, whose inferior tear ducts do not allow them to cry the substances away. The Food and Drug Administration supports this test. Susan Rick, director of the â€Å"compassion program† at People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), a Washington, D.C. based animal rights organization. Points out the fact that â€Å"its their test† pointing out that the doctor that developed the test worked for the FDA. Its not surprising then that according to FDA guidelines, new drugs must be determined safe as well as effective. While the FDA has no authority to require animal tests per se, it does require the most accurate tests available. And right now, the FDA believes that means animals. That’s right they have no authority, because there is NO law that requires companies to test their personal care and household products on animals before selling them to consumers. The second, and possibly even crueler than the Draize test is the LD50 test. LD50 stands forShow MoreRelatedThe Minute Speech Against Animal Testing1053 Words   |  5 Pages4 Minute Speech against animal testing We should stop the use of animals for research and testing purposes. Animal research/testing refers to the use of non-human animals for testing or experimenting on. The use of animals for testing is used in the fields of: Biomedical research, security, evaluation, and education of a product. Every year animals are subject to experiments so painful and damaging that no one would ever do them on humans. Deciding whether or not to do animal testing is a toughRead MoreInformative Speech : Product Testing On Animals785 Words   |  4 PagesTYPE OF SPEECH: Persuasive Speech Topic: Product testing on animals Purpose Statement: Keep from testing cosmetics on animals. Thesis Statement: Animals are forced to try products. From forced eating to wearing l oreal makeup. Organizational Pattern: Problem- Solution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction Attention Getter (Capture): Have you ever wished for a rabbit or a guinea pig? Motivate: Most of theRead More Animal Testing (speech Outline) Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Specific Purpose – To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and how other safer alternatives should be taken. Central Idea – By going the extra mile in using safer alternatives when experimenting with animals will not only prevent conflicts from pro-life activists, it will minimize lawsuits and morals will be preserved. Introduction I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Okay I got a riddle I made up for the class. A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What was once cute and furry but becomes aRead MoreAnimal Testing. Persuasive Speech Outline Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesZoee Gaige-Wilson Persuasive Speech Outline I. Introduction Animals can be ferocious and wild, but they can also be gentle and tame. Some are our pets, and some are powerful forces that are to be respected and admired. It is as easy to appreciate a loyal dog as it is to be in awe of a lion in its natural habitat. But the truth that many people either don’t know or don’t appreciate is that animals are essential to human existence and have played a vital role in improving the quality of ourRead MorePersuasive Speech Against Animal Testing Essay1992 Words   |  8 PagesTopic: Animal Testing Purpose: To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and unethical Relevance: animals are people too and no one wants an animal to suffer for the wrong reasons Intro Imagene being taken to a place where you are locked up, with barely any room for movement, in a small cage. You are taken every once in a while to get your hair shaved off, and things rubbed into your skin that could potentially make your hair never grow back, or it burns you and makesRead MoreAnimal Testing Speech Outline965 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Introduction Attention-getter: Visualize yourself somewhere locked and isolated, whether it is a closet, a cage, or a box. Now visualize yourself being constantly controlled, not being able to choose when to eat, when to drink, or even when to sleep. Thesis: Animal testing is a heavy topic that usually goes unnoticed. To many scientists, animal testing is beneficial and to society it is morally wrong. Credibility: After doing our extensive research, we are knowledgeable about animalRead MoreAnimal Testing (Speech Outline)1200 Words   |  5 PagesbSpecific Purpose/b Ââ€" To persuade my audience that animal testing is wrong and how other safer alternatives should be taken. br brbCentral Idea/b Ââ€" By going the extra mile in using safer alternatives when experimenting with animals will not only prevent conflicts from pro-life activists, it will minimize lawsuits and morals will be preserved. br brbIntroduction/b brI. Okay I got a riddle I made up for the class. brA. What was once cute and furry but becomes a bloody rottedRead MoreWhy Animal Testing Is Bad1578 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing, also known as animal research or experimentation refers to the use of non-human animals to conduct experiments which seek to control certain variables that have the potential to impact the biological systems or behaviors under study. The most commonly used animals are usually mice, cats , rats, dogs and primates. More than 20 million animals are usually subjected to food, drugs, chemical and cosmetic testing each year in the United States alone (Sharma et al, p.1). These animals usuallyRead More Horrors of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Horrors of Animal Testing    The torture and murder of millions of animals annually has been occurring for centuries now. Every year we ignore it, and every year the numbers grow. The act of vivisection or the practice of experimenting on animals began because of religious prohibitions against dissection of human corpses. After religious leaders lifted these prohibitions, it was too late. Vivisection had become a major part of medical and educational research. As well as major part of productRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing Ethics646 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing Ethics Is animal testing right or wrong? No one has really answered that so far. Everyone has their own opinion about it. I personally think that if we are not abusing the testing it should be allowed. I dont think it is necessary to test animals for every little thing that goes on the market but sure why not when it relates to a life or death thing like cancer. How else would we make sure the medications wouldn’t kill us? Safety tests are conducted

British Literature Essay - 1614 Words

British Literature 1. the Middle Ages the oldest literature monument of the Anglo – Saxon period is the old Germanic legend called BEOWULF. This heroic poem is about the strong and courageous pagan hero Beowulf John Wycliffe – is a professor of Oxford University. With his students he translated the whole Bible into English - he influenced Master Jan Hus and our Hussite movement very much 2. the renaissance and humanism Geoffrey Chaucer – Canterbury Tales – brilliant portrait of 30 pilgrims who travel to Canterbury and they were saying stories each other, each one said four stories, but in tact there are only 23 tales. William Shakespeare – is the biggest author of this period Christopher Marlowe – might became another†¦show more content†¦Among his major novels belong â€Å"Little Dorrit, David Copperfield, The Pickwick Papers, Great Expectgations, Oliver Twist, Christmas Carol† – see enclosed paper 7. The 1. Half of the 20th century William Makepeace Thackeray – he wrote novels against snobbery and hypocrisy. His main novel is â€Å"Vanity Fair† Thomas Hardy – together with D.H.Lewrence represents the naturalistic trend in literature. He understands hard life of common people, hates hypocrisy and brutal egoism of the rich, his work is ironical and pessimistic Oscar Wilde – he was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was a well – known surgeon and his mother was a successful writer. After a comfortable childhood, he decided to study classical literature in a College in Dublin. In 1874 moved to a College in Oxford. After college he continued writing poems and he moved to London. He publishes here his first book simply called â€Å"Poems†  §- many literature professors criticized him, they said he was not original, because he had used many words from other poets and writers. But in spite of this criticism he became more popular (he got a great reputation for the way he dressed, for his intelligence and conversation skills). In 1884 he married Constance Lloyd and they had two boys. Wilde wrote many stories for his childern including â€Å"The Happy Prince, The Canterville Ghost†. The play Oscar Wilde wrote after 1890 mad e him legend. HeShow MoreRelated Robert Louis Stevensons Impact on British Literature 869 Wor ds   |  4 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson ranks in the upper echelons of writers in British literature. He is one of the most popular writers of the nineteenth century. Stevenson had a great range of skill in producing works in the form of poetry, plays, short stories, essays and novels. A variety of aspects of his very own life and personal experiences were implemented into his literary works. The romance novel is that of which he is best became known for. His works are still studied and observed in today’sRead MoreBritish Literature : Final Exam1301 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Literature II - Final Exam British Literature is filled with diverse and talented writers who through each period has brought something new to the table. Over the course of the term we have covered the Romantic period, the Victorian Age and the Modern period. Each period has had a hand in developing literature through to the modern age and each writer has influenced the next generation. To best examine each period of literature the paper will be split amongst the three major periods the courseRead MoreBritish Literature : Final Exam1300 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Literature II - Final Exam British Literature is filled with diverse and talented writers who through each period has brought something new to the table. Over the course of the term we have covered the Romantic period, the Victorian Age and the Modern period. Each period has had a hand in developing literature through to the modern age and each writer has influenced the next generation. To best examine each period of literature the paper will be split amongst the three major periods theRead More British Identity and Literature Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Identity and Literature What does it mean to be British? Britains national identity has evolved and transformed over the years. Through the works of Phyllis Wheatley, Aphra Ben, William Shakespeare, Daniel DeFoe, Coetzee and Caryl Phillips we have explored the different meanings and aspects of British identity. Britishness is not just confined to England (or the United Kingdom in recent times), Britishness extends far beyond the nation. Britishness is not a simple concept and is complicatedRead MoreThe Evolution of the Role of Women in British and American Literature1808 Words   |  8 Pagesfor a boy to look like a girl is degrading, according to you, because secretly you believe that being a girl is degrading† (McEwan 55-56). Throughout the history of literature women have been viewed as inferior to men, but as time has progressed the idealistic views of how women perceive themselves has changed. In earlier literature women took the role of being the â€Å"housewife† or the household careta ker for the family while the men provided for the family. Women were hardly mentioned in the workforceRead MoreEssay on Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature1765 Words   |  8 PagesJoseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad’s innovative literature is influenced by his experiences in traveling to foreign countries around the world. Conrad’s literature consists of the various styles of techniques he uses to display his well-recognized work as British literature. His prose style, varying from eloquently sensuous to bare and astringent, keeps the reader in constant touch with a mature, truth-seeking, creative mind (Hutchinson 1). Conrad’s novelsRead MoreHow Ww1 Changed British Literature1772 Words   |  8 Pagesthe war were thirty-seven million, with another eleven million civilian casualties. The British Empire alone lost over three million people in the war. (English) World War One effected the whole world- the heartache and bloodshed changed politics, economics, and public opinion. This war changed peoples lives, but it also changes their way of thinking and their way of writing. After World War One British literature was changed from simple stories to a more realistic and meaningful approach to life.Read MoreEssay on How WW1 Changed British Literature1776 Words   |  8 Pagesthe war were thirty-seven million, with another eleven million civilian casualties. The British Empire alone lost over three million people in the war. (English) World War One effected the whole world- the heartache and bloodshed changed politics, economics, and public opinion. This war changed peoples lives, but it also changes their way of thinking and their way of writing. After World War One British literature was changed from simple stories to a more realistic and meaningful approach to life. Read MoreDistinguishing Profound Religious Poems : British Literature995 Words   |  4 PagesENGL 2230 F02 5 October 2016r Distinguishing Profound Religious Poems: British Literature Britain is a small island north of Europe and during the early centuries it was part of the Roman Empire. However, the Germanic invaders known as Anglos and Saxons started conquering the southeastern lands of Britain. Consequently, during the early Middle Ages works of British literature were starting to be published. As such literature represents one way to learn about the culture of Britain. For Example, BeowulfRead MoreBritish Literature760 Words   |  4 PagesTractor Poem Analysis The poem â€Å"Tractor† is written by Ted Hughes is literally about a tractor. The season is winter and the man is trying to start the tractor but is unable to do so because of the weather. Eventually, the man is able to start the tractor. However, while reading it further, this poem seems to be telling us that with determination, man can overcome many problems no matter how tough the problem is, using nature as a form of trouble to humans. Moreover, it also tells us that the journey

Ethics CSR Dilemma By Franz F Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethics CSR Dilemma By Franz F . Answer: Introduction: The human resource management has a broader relationship with ethical dilemmas. They are often being caught as surrounded by ethical dilemmas concerning the distinguished scenarios where decisions are supposed to be made that are high in moral values and productive also to the organization. Their credibility is then tested in such dilemmas as any sort of mistake concerning the ethical values is a door to unwanted criticism. Hence, they are needed to take the help of theoretical backgrounds necessary to deal with the dilemmas. One of such theoretical backgrounds is the Normative Ethical Theory. It resembles its orientation with the philosophical ethics. Philosophical ethics consider a set of questions to be answered to reach a feasible, yet a moral solution (Kagan 2018). Chosen dilemma: The chosen dilemma in this essay revolves around Franz F who is the HR manager at the UK based subsidiary center of a multinational German company. The company has now been taken over by an American multinational company. The board of directors at the headquarter center in America has now decided to increase the net profit of the company. Consequently, instructions have been communicated to Franz F to take the necessary steps within 6 months of time. The HR manager does very well know that British labor law does not protect the firing of employees. Employees can be fired with just a minimal notice. Hence, Franz F has arrived at a conclusion that firing seniors who are drawing huge salaries can be a good answer to the circumstances. However, the HR manager is confused whether his decision is ethical as some seniors are very loyal to the company. Additionally, some seniors are also the friends of Franz. If Franz fires the young junior employees then in future there may be a labor shortage after the retirement of senior employees. Aim of the essay: The essay thus investigates the possible ethical answer in the light of normative theory. A deontological moral theory is being used as the normative position to identify the answers to the case scenario. Specifically, the prime focus is on Kants theory to resolve the case scenario. Deontological moraltheory: Deontology argues that factors of rights and duties of an individual are important while making any ethical decision (Paquette, Sommerfeldt and Kent 2015). There are some theories of deontologicalsuch as the follows: Categorical Imperative of Immanuel Kant: Kant defined an imperative as a commandment validating an action to be as necessary. A categorical imperative means an unconditional and an absolute need which must be fulfilled or obeyed under any circumstances. Such actions are always justified (Bowen and Prescott 2015). John Rawlss Contractualism: According to John Rawls, the moral actions are those that all agree if they were unbiased (Badano 2018). Natural rightstheories of Robert Nozick or John Locke: As opined by Robert Nozick or John Locke, human beings have unconditional, natural rights (Vallentyne 2014). Interpretation of the DeontologicalMoral Theory: Different theories supporting the views of deontologicalhave been discussed and are found that an individual is allowed to use their power or authority to fulfill the needs without being biased to decision making. According to the faith, the ethical practice need not focus on the consequences rather; it needs to realize the one's rights and duties. The most ethical thing that a person can do is an appropriate use of its power and rights to fulfill their duty. It means that doing the duty is more important than just caring the happiness of every single person. The decision must be high on ethical values and need not be favoring the biases. Hence, the deontological belief preaches the importance of ethical decision making while not preferring the happiness of all the people (Silva et al. 2018). Deontologicalbeliefs in context to the case scenario: The chosen case scenario is bit confusing and challenging as well for Franz F. The HR manager has no clues on the best feasible decision which is in adherence to the normative ethics. The HR manager has summed up few solutions such as dismissing seniors to easily cut down the expenses. However, the decision would mean a loss of job for those also who have been loyal to the company for several years. It would also cost those who have been close friends of Franz. The HR manager in this situation appears to have a bit biased feeling for his friends. The other solution that the HR manager has is dismissing the junior employees. In this case, youth junior employees would be losing their jobs. However, this is also not feasible as seniors would no longer be available. They are ageing and hence, their retirements may cost the labor shortage. This will produce the necessity for recruiting fresh talents. Additionally, dismissing the juniors just because few seniors have been the very good fri ends of HR manager is unethical from the perspective of normative ethics (Kagan 2018). The normative ethics suggest that ethical values need to be given the preference over anything. Being biased to few seniors is unethical and should be highly avoided (Kagan 2018). The deontological belief suggests that wrongness or rightness of an action is not related to the consequences. It is rather fulfilling the duty which is only ethical provided that if it is free from any biases. The decision must be highly ethical (Linehan and OBrien 2017). In the given scenario, Franz F needs to avoid biased feeling for few seniors. The HR manager needs to realize that ethical practice is more important than using power for wrong causes such as supporting the friends. It is unethical because junior employees have their rights as well. According to the deontological views, there should not be any biases with them. They should be given the equal importance if they are potential employees. On the other hand, if few senior employees are not potential and ageing also they should be chosen for the dismissal. If they are also potential they should be retained till the time they have their service period left (Ekuma and Akobo 2015). However, this is not an appropriate answer to the given scenario. Suggestions to Franz F: The HR manager has a very challenging task and needed to complete this within the six months period. Given the situation, dismissing the seniors will give an instant solution to the issue. However, the human resource management is expected that their decisions do set high values to the normative ethics. Hence, the decision must be analyzed thoroughly to make it high on ethical values and justifying also. Given the suggestion, it is best feasible to maintain a balance between the seniors and the junior young employees (Baarle et al. 2015). The freshers or very less in experience employees need to be given enough time to help them groom their skills. On the other hand, if few seniors are very close to their retirement they should be dismissed considering that it will significantly help in saving the expenditure. Those who have been loyal to this company and are highly experienced they need to be retained. This is also necessary, so that, juniors do not develop any negative vibes in the m regarding the job security. Additionally, freshers might get badly affected by this and hence, their development as the skilled professionals might also be hampered (Baarle et al. 2015). It is important to know why so much importance is given to ethical values. The next section of this study discusses the reason why there is a necessity to be high on ethical standard while making any decision. Importance of ethics in human resource: The human resource management is the one body that directly deals with the recruitment policy. Nevertheless, they are at the forefront when making a decision on dismissing employees. It is indeed a process that produces the dismissal of few selected employees. Indeed, it is often considered that the human resource management is the highly responsible body in such regards. Therefore, it is imperative that the human resource management is highly ethical in everything it does. Attempts need to be given to avoid any such circumstances that produce a criticism. Such criticism may also damage the reputation of the employer. Hence, the human resource management needs to take care of following factors: Legal considerations: Breaches of ethics may attract legal actions to be imposed upon the employer. The breaches in regards to employees dismissal may be taken strictly by the different governing bodies such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (French and Strachan 2015). The case may end up in favor of the employer; however, this may still hamper the loyalty standard that the employer had set up. Additionally, professionals may be resistive to applying for a job in the same company. This is not a very good sign considering a fact that retirement of seniors will produce a labor shortage (Ardanaz and Mares 2014). Reputation of employer: As already discussed in the aforesaid section, the reputation of the employer will get hampered. Job security is a big concern for professionals specifically the Millennials (Gallie et al. 2017). Concerning the circumstances, they may get resistive to think of doing a job in the same company because they have the tendency to look for a job where they could settle themselves and build up their entire career. If ever they apply for a job in the same company, this may be just a stop gap solution for them. They may never be wishing to build up their career in a company where job security is very minimal. They would rather keep on searching for a better option. The moment they get their best option will consider switching to the option rather than staying with the same employer (Gallie et al. 2017). Promotion of ethics: The ethical values are not just created easily. A hard fought practice under the guidance of ethical policies helps to establish such image. A number of years are spent on forming such reputation. However, the loyalty thus constructed may be seriously tested in dilemmas which are common to human resource management. In such dilemmas, it is important to be ethical, so that, the constructed image is retained (Shen and Benson 2016). My personal decision in the given case scenario: If I am at the Franz F position I would have preferred going with the normative ethics. Giving high regards to ethical values would be my first priority. I would have tried to maintain a balance between the seniors and the junior young employees. Employees are an asset to the organization (Huang et al. 2016). Hence, I would try to provide utmost values to it while also working to reduce the net expenses of the company. Instead of dismissing the seniors I would consider reducing the numbers of fresh employees. The dismissal will create few positions vacant and the load of work will also increase. To reduce the workload and maintain a balanced situation, I would ask the fresh employees to take up the additional roleplay. It is also important that freshers are not burdened as it may result in employee turnover (Albrecht et al. 2015). Hence, juniors need to be given some rewards in the form of monetary values, so that, they feel valued and motivated. Additionally, I will also ask the loy al seniors to train the freshers on higher responsibilities. This is one form of knowledge sharing which is one of the basics of the organizational learning (Albrecht et al. 2015). Hence, considering the 6 months period which had been given to Franz F, freshers may be sufficiently trained on additional expertise. Therefore, concerning the given scenario, the adherence to normative ethics is necessary to prevent any spoilage to the case companys reputation. According to the deontological beliefs, it is necessary to abide by the normative ethics and giving values to ethical works. This is the one way which justifies the values of the human resource management. Promotion of ethical values is a challenging task while keeping this protected from any harm is even more necessary. Franz F in the case scenario company needs to give utmost values to ethical values while dealing with the given situation. References: Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. and Saks, A.M., 2015. Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,2(1), pp.7-35. Ardanaz, M. and Mares, I., 2014. Labor shortages, rural inequality, and democratization.Comparative Political Studies,47(12), pp.1639-1669. Baarle, E.V., Bosch, J., Widdershoven, G., Verweij, D. and Molewijk, B., 2015. Moral dilemmas in a military context. A case study of a train the trainer course on military ethics.Journal of Moral Education,44(4), pp.457-478. Badano, G., 2018. If Youre a Rawlsian, How Come Youre So Close to Utilitarianism and Intuitionism? A Critique of Danielss Accountability for Reasonableness.Health Care Analysis,26(1), pp.1-16. Bowen, S.A. and Prescott, P., 2015. Kants contribution to the ethics of communication.Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication Ethics,12, pp.38-44. Ekuma, K.J. and Akobo, L.A., 2015. Human resource management ethics and professionals dilemmas: A review and research agenda.Human Resource Management Research,5(3), pp.47-57. French, E. and Strachan, G., 2015. Women at work! Evaluating equal employment policies and outcomes in construction.Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal,34(3), pp.227-243. Gallie, D., Felstead, A., Green, F. and Inanc, H., 2017. The hidden face of job insecurity.Work, employment and society,31(1), pp.36-53. Huang, Y.H., Lee, J., McFadden, A.C., Murphy, L.A., Robertson, M.M., Cheung, J.H. and Zohar, D., 2016. Beyond safety outcomes: An investigation of the impact of safety climate on job satisfaction, employee engagement and turnover using social exchange theory as the theoretical framework.Applied ergonomics,55, pp.248-257. Kagan, S., 2018.Normative ethics. Routledge. Linehan, C. and OBrien, E., 2017. From tell-tale signs to irreconcilable struggles: The value of emotion in exploring the ethical dilemmas of human resource professionals.Journal of business ethics,141(4), pp.763-777. Paquette, M., Sommerfeldt, E.J. and Kent, M.L., 2015. Do the ends justify the means? Dialogue, development communication, and deontological ethics.Public Relations Review,41(1), pp.30-39. Shen, J. and Benson, J., 2016. When CSR is a social norm: How socially responsible human resource management affects employee work behavior.Journal of Management,42(6), pp.1723-1746. Silva, T.N.D., Freire, M.E.M., Vasconcelos, M.F.D., Silva Junior, S.V.D., Silva, W.J.D.C., Arajo, P.D.S. and Eloy, A.V.A., 2018. Deontological aspects of the nursing profession: understanding the code of ethics.Revista brasileira de enfermagem,71(1), pp.3-10. Vallentyne, P., 2014. Robert Nozick: Anarchy, State, and Utopia. InCentral Works of Philosophy v5(pp. 108-125). Routledge.

Epidemiological Studies on Obesity on Globalâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Epidemiological Studies on Obesity on Global Scale? Answer: Introducation The recent concerns regarding obesity has made a large number of scientists to conduct various types of epidemiological studies. All the papers provided by them are based on the prevalence of obesity at a national or global level, the different factors that lead to obesity in different nations as well the various disorders that it results in different organism (Phelan et al., 2015). With the occurrence of an obese condition in patients, different types of morbidities and mortalities are associated which is also discussed in the different papers. The review below will help in depicting such epidemiological papers to provide more light on the topic. A research article was published by authors Steier et al. in the year 2015 which is based on the observational cross sectional study which is a type of epidemiological study determined from a group of population or from a specific subset. The study mainly shows how the occurrence of obesity results in a harmful effect on the respiratory system of different individuals. The lung volume and elasticity of the respiratory system of different individuals were taken into consideration. For this cross sectional observational studies, nine obese and nine normal weight patients were taken into consideration both in the seated and also in the supine condition mainly during spontaneous breathing. The researchers mainly took the help of multi-breath helium method dilution. The recording was mainly done with the help of balloon catheters, esophageal Poe as well as gastric Pgas pressures. This research had shown that the BMI of obese group to be higher in comparison to that of the normal group and expiratory reserve volume has decreased to a high level.. Moreover their end-tidal functional residual capacity was also found to be lower when both the groups were seated but they were similar in supine condition. Gastric pressure was again elevated as well as with their end-expiratory esophageal pressures at FRC. All of these measurements had shown that obese individuals are more prone to increase in their esophageal pressures as well as gastric pressures both in the supine and the seated positions. These had therefore resulted in reduction in FRC as well as ERV. This scenario indicates that due to the mechanism, a pressure is created on the working procedure of the lungs and as a result various disorders take place. Therefore in this way, the researchers have become successful in linking severe obesity with that of respiratory morbidity and also mortality and hence obesity becomes a concern for anyone who might get affected due to pulmonary diseases. The next study was conducted by the Skinner et al. in the year 2015 in order to assess the cardio-metabolic risk factors that were associated with the children and also with the young adults. It had been a case study as all the participants were already exposed to the disorder and cases were depicted with affected participants only and a cross sectional analysis was done. It has been found that the prevalence of cardio metabolic risks is relatively low for the overweight individuals but is highly risky for children who are severely obese. With the growing age, risks associated with the disorder intensify and therefore the authors have advised to initiate a screening program in order to fight the risks associated with severe obesity. The authors had therefore performed a cross sectional analysis of the data that had been taken from overweight as well as the obese children and young adults. The age of such children varied from 3 to 19 years and was considered for the National Health an d Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 up to 2012. It was done for checking the prevalence of different types of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders depending o severity of the obesity. A number of markers of cardiovascular disorders were taken into considerations like the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, blood pressure, and glycated hemoglobin. Most of the mean values showed considerably higher values in the individuals with severe obesity in male and females with the number being higher in males. Lower HDL level was found in children with greater severity and lower the HDL, it is more harmful for the physiological system. It was predicted by the authors that low levels of HDL, high systolic and diastolic pressure along with high triglyceride and glycated hemoglobin levels automatically exposes the children to higher threats for cardiovascular disease. Therefore scientists have s uccessfully showed how severity of obesity can act as a threat to different cardio metabolic risk factors making mainly boys and young men exposed to cardiovascular diseases. An important paper was published in the year 2013 by authors like Halfon et al. who also reported the effect of obesity on children. It is a cross sectional analysis study. However this study was not a case study like the previous one but was a cross sectional analysis as the patients who were selected were not already obese. It was also not a cohort study as comparisons were also not made between the newly exposed or unexposed children. The population based study was done on 43297 children whose weight was known from parent report of height and weight. Moreover the authors like the previous on did not only consider on the risks associated with the cardiovascular diseases but also used 21 important indicators that belonged to the domains like psychosocial functioning, general health, health disorders which adjusted for socio-demographic factors. Reports have suggested the obese children who were found to face activity restrictions, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, scho ol problems, grade repetition as well as missed classes in schools. Other important disorders were also found in the obese children like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as conduct disorder. Learning disability depression, and developmental delay are also been found to be some of the harmful effects. Moreover bone, joint and muscles issues also remain closely associated. Other diseases that have been also reported is the asthma, allergies, ear infections and also headaches. Therefore the researchers have advised the physicians, teachers and the parents to understand the specific co morbidities and thereby develop interventions that will enhance the well being of the children who are obese. Another important article was published in the year 2014 by the authors Jagielski et al. where they have successfully established an association within the adiposity, mental condition and well being of an individual as well as Quality of Life in cases of severe obesity. This is a case study type of epidemiology where the participants who were already obese patients were chosen and were sent to the service where the interview was conducted with the help of questionnaires. The sample mainly constituted 263 extreme obese individuals. Two important scales that were utilized by the authors were Impact of Weight on Quality of Life: IWQOL-Lite, EQ5D-3L, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: HADS). An interesting result was seen by the authors. Increasing adiposity in the individuals was associated with quality of life negatively therefore stating that they share indirect relationship between the two factors. They have also stated that with increase in adiposity, there is decrease in ph ysical function, public distress, lowers self esteem, poor productivity at work and others. The level of adiposity had resulted in increase in risk of different problems in mobility. Moreover it also resulted in increase in difficulties in performing different usual activities. Moreover, symptoms of depression as well as anxiety were also found to be high in case of patients who are extremely obese. Hence the researchers have been successful in properly establishing the negative effects that rise in adipose levels have on quality lives of the people who are suffering from obesity. Researchers have therefore suggested that clinical implications should be discussed which will contain the needs for incorporating the different interventions that will help in the improvement of mental condition as well as well being into interventions of the the multi-disciplinary weight management. An interesting article has been published by Johanssen et al. in the year 2014. They had conducted a cohort study on the relationship between maternal overweight and obesity and that of the risk of infant mortality. The cohort study was conducted in Sweden from about 1.95023 women with 1 857 822 live single births who were recorded in the Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1992 to 2010. It has been found called a cohort study because comparison was made between the normal weight mothers and that of the overweight mothers when considering the BMI of the mothers and its effect on the birth of their babies. The main factors on which the entire investigation was based were gestational length as well as the infant death while studying the association between the maternal body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy with that of infant, neonatal and also postneonatal mortality. An interesting result was found. Infant mortality rates increased from 2.4 in 1000 births in normal cases to 5.8 per 1000 births in overweight mothers. The increased rate of mortality was moderate in case of overweight and obese I patients and were very high in mothers with obesity II and Obesity III disorders. The infant mortality rate doubled in case of obesity grade 3 patients. It was found by the researchers that birth asphyxia and other neonatal morbidities increased with that of maternal overweight and obesity. Increased mortality rate in term births as well as increased prevalence in the rate in preterm births is the main results and hence maternal overweight and obesity should be managed. 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